Bryostatin I inhibits growth of breast cancer cells through the inhibition of synuclein-A expression
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of bryostatin I on the expression of synuclein-A in breast cancer cells. Western blot analysis showed a significant (p<0.005) reduction in the expression of synuclein-A from a concentration of 20 µM in H3922 cells. The inhibitory effect of bryostatin I on synuclein-A expression was further confirmed by the treatment of H3922 cells with known synuclein-A inhibitor, cytokine oncostatin M. Bryostatin I treatment of H3922 cells also significantly increased their sensitivity to the taxol. Incubation of the cells with 25 µM concentration of bryostatin I followed by treatment with 0.5 μM concentration of taxol induced apoptosis in 89% cells compared to 9% cells in the taxol alone treated cultures. Treatment of the H3922 cells with bryostatin I at 25 µM concentration led to a significant increase in the activation of histone H1 protein. The results from MTT assay showed a significant decrease in the cell viability from 10 µM concentration of bryostatin I. Thus, bryostatin I inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells through inhibition of synuclein-A expression and can be used for breast cancer treatment.
Introduction
Breast cancer is a major challenge to the clinicians today throughout the world because of an incidence of more than 1 million new cases and more than 370,000 deaths annually.
Treatment of the breast cancer in initial stage is highly desired as the advanced disease will eventually develop resistance to treatment (Ali and Coombes, 2002).
The expression of the gene, synuclein-A is associated with the development and progress of breast cancer (Ji et al., 1997). Synuclein-A is highly expressed in the cancer cells resistant to chemotherapeutic agents, possessing higher invasive and migration potential but is not found in the normal breast cancer cells (Bruening et al., 2000; Wu et al., 2003). Analysis of the effects of synuclein-A led to understanding of its role in promoting carcinoma cell proliferation, increasing invasive and migratory potential (Liu et al., 2000; Lu et al., 2002). Synuclein-A exhibits its effect through a mitotic checkpoint kinase in the breast carcinoma cells (Gupta et al., 2003).
The chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of breast cancer including taxol induce cell cycle arrest in the mitotic phase and finally lead to apoptosis (Blajeski et al., 2002; Shin et al., 2003). However, it has been observed that synuclein-A prevents the cancer cells from cell cycle arrest in the mitotic phase leading to drug resistance (Pan et al., 2002). Therefore, inhibition of the synuclein-A expression can be of immense importance for the treatment of breast cancer either directly or by facilitating the action of other chemotherapeutic agents.
Bryostatin I exhibits remarkable biological activities in the cancer therapy through alterations in the function of apoptosis factors (Wall et al., 1999), reversal of multidrug resistance (Spitaler et al., 1998), and activation of the immune system (Oz et al., 2000). The efficacy of bryostatin I varies in different types of cancers. Various studies have demonstrated that it enhances the efficiency of other oncolytics against various types of cancers (Dowlati et al., 2003). Bryostatin I and its synthetic analogs have shown promising results in the treatment of cancer at very low doses (Shaha et al., 2009). In the present study effect of bryostatin I on expression of synuclein-A and viability of cells in breast cancer cells was investigated. Bryostatin I inhibits the expression of synuclein-A and viability of breast cancer cells.
Materials and Methods
Reagents and antibody
Bryostatin I was purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich (USA). The antibodies against Cdc2 and synuclein-A were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (USA).
Cell lines and culture
H3922 cell line was supplied by the American Type Culture Collection (USA). The cells were cultured for 24 hours in RPMI‑1640 medium in an incubator with humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37˚C. The medium contained fetal bovine serum (10%).
Cell viability assay
The effect of synuclein-A on the viability of H3922 breast cancer cells was examined by MTT assay. Briefly, the cells growing exponentially were collected and put into 96-well plates at a density of 2.5 x 106 cells per well. After incubation for a period of 24 hours at 37˚C temperature, different concentrations of synuclein-A (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 M) were added to the wells and incubation was continued for 48 hours. Then, to each well of the plate 20 µL of MTT solution was added and incubation of the plates was performed for 4 hours more. Following incubation, the supernatant was removed and to each well was added 150 µL DMSO. For each of the well optical density was recorded at 470 nm using a microplate reader (BioRad Instruments, USA).
Apoptosis analysis
The cells were cultured in medium supplemented with dimethyl sulfoxide or various concentration of bryostatin I for 48 hours. Following incubation, H3922 cells were subjected to annexin V‑EGFP staining using Apoptosis Detection Kits (Medical and Biological Laboratories, Japan) as per the manual protocol. FACScan (Becton-Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems, USA) was used for the analysis of positively stained cells.
Cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry
Breast cancer cell after treatment with bryostatin I or control cells were collected, washed twice with PBS and put (106/mL) in a hypotonic fluorochrome solution (50 mg/mL propidium iodide in 0.1% sodium citrate plus 0.1% Triton X-100; Sigma-Aldrich). After incubation for 2 hours at 50ËšC under dark conditions, FACScaliber flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, USA) with ModFIT cell cycle analysis software version 2.01.2 (BD Biosciences) was used for analysis of propidium iodide fluorescence a. The experiments were performed in triplicates for each condition.
Analysis of Cdc2 kinase activity
The cell lysate (1 mg) was subjected to incubation with rabbit monoclonal antibody against Cdc2 at 4ËšC for 2 hours. 20 μL of sepharose A protein was added to cell lysates followed by dilution with 2x propidium iodide buffer. After dilution, the samples were incubated at 4ËšC for 2 hours and then centrifuged. The 1x propidium iodide buffer (1% Triton X-100, 10 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 0.5% NP-40, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA pH 8.0) supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail was used for washing the complex. The pellets washed with kinase buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2, and 0.5 mM DTT) were centrifuged, incubated with 30 μL of the kinase buffer containing 15 μM ATP, 5 μCi [32P]ÃATP, and 8 μg histone H1. SDS sample buffer was added to quench the reaction of kinase. SDS-PAGE was used for the isolation of phosphorylated H1 which was then detected by PhosphoImager.
Western blot analysis
The MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in the breast cancer cells were determined by a standard Western blot analysis. H3922 breast cancer cells that were treated with various concentrations of bryostatin I for 48 hours. The cells were then treated with cell lysis buffer under ice-cold conditions. The BCA Protein Quantification kit (Joincare Biosciences, China) was used for determination of protein concentration in the cell lysates according to the manufacturer's instructions. Separation of the proteins was achieved on the SDS-polyacrylamide gel by electrophoresis (PAGE). The nitrocellulose membranes on which proteins were transferred were incubated with rabbit polyclonal primary antibodies against MMP-2, MMP-9 and GAPDH (1:1,000 dilution) at 4ËšC for overnight. Following incubations the membranes washed with PBS and subsequently incubated with anti-rabbit secondary antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (1:20,000 dilution) for 2 hours. The enhanced chemiluminescence reagent (Amersham Pharmacia Biotechnology, USA) was used for detection of the blots and analysis was performed using Quantity One 1D Analysis software (version 4.4; BioRad).
Statistical analysis
The data presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). The data analysis for statistical significance was performed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The statistically significant differences were considered at p<0.05.
Results
Bryostatin I inhibits expression of synuclein-A
Bryostatin I treatment of H3922 breast cancer cells led to the inhibition of synuclein-A expression in a concentration dependent manner. H3922 cells were incubated with 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 µM concentrations of bryostatin I for 48 hours. The results from Western blot analysis revealed a significant (p<0.005) reduction in the expression of synuclein-A from a concentration of 20 µM in H3922 cells (Figure 1). The inhibitory effect of bryostatin I on synuclein-A expression was further confirmed by the treatment with known synuclein-A inhibitor, cytokine oncostatin M. Treatment of the H3922 cells with 0.5 µM concentration of cytokine oncostatin M led to a significant reduction in the expression of synuclein-A.
Figure 1: Inhibition of synuclein-A expression by bryostatin I treatment in H3922 breast cancer cells in a concentration dependent manner. Cytokine oncostatin M also inhibits the expression of synuclein-A in H3922 cells. The cells were treated with 5, 10, 20, 25 and 30 µM concentrations of bryostatin I and 0.5 µM concentration of Cytokine oncostatin M for 48 hours and then examined by Western blot assay
Bryostatin I increases the sensitivity of H3922 cells to taxol
The results from Western blot analysis showed that treatment of H3922 cells with bryostatin I significantly increased their sensitivity to taxol. Incubation of H3922 cells with 25 µM concentration of bryostatin I followed by treatment with 0.5 μM concentration of taxol induced apoptosis in 89% cells compared to 9% cells in the taxol treated cultures (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Bryostatin I increased the sensitivity of H3922 cells to taxol. The cells after incubation with taxol alone or pre-treatment with bryostatin I followed by incubation with taxol were analyzed of apoptosis induction
Effect of bryostatin I on viability of H3922 cells
Treatment of H3922 cells with bryostatin I for 48 hours showed reduction in the cell viability in concentration dependent manner. The cells were incubated with various concentrations (5, 10, 20, 25 and 30 µM) of bryostatin I for 48 hours and then examined using MTT assay. The results showed a significant decrease in the cell viability from 10 µM concentration of bryostatin I. The cell viability was reduced to 2.5, 12.6, 34.1, 59.9 and 87.2% on treatment with 5, 10, 20, 25 and 30 µM concentration of bryostatin I for 48 hours compared to 2.0% in the control (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Inhibition of H3922 breast cancer cell viability by bryostatin I. The cells were treated with 5, 10, 20, 25 and 30 µM concentration of bryostatin I or with DMSO alone for 48 hours followed by viability analysis using MTT assay. The experiments for each of the concentration were performed in triplicates
Effect of bryostatin I on activation of histone H1 protein
Treatment of the H3922 cells with bryostatin I at 25 µM concentration led to a significant (p<0.002) increase in the activation of the histone H1 protein. The phosphorylation of the histone H1 was not observed in the control H3922 cells (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Bryostatin I treatment inhibits the expression of histone H1 protein. The cells were incubated with 25 µM concentration of bryostatin I for 48 hours. After incubation phosphorylation of the histone H1 protein was analyzed using Western blot assay
Effect of bryostatin I on the cell cycle distribution
Bryostatin I treatment of H3922 cells at a concentration of 25 µM significantly (p<0.002) enhanced the population of cells in the G1 phase compared to the control cells. The increase in population of H3922 cells in the G1 phase was accompanied by a simultaneous reduction in G2/M phase. The population of H3922 cells in the G1 phase was increased from 34.8 to 76.5% while as that in the G2/M phase was decreased from 58.3 to 11.6% on treatment with 25 µM concentration of bryostatin I for 48 hours (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Effect of bryostatin I on distribution of H3922 cells in cell cycle. The cells were treated with bryostatin I and then analyzed by flow cytometry. Bryostatin I treatment increased the population of cells in G1 phase with subsequent reduction in G2/M phase
Inhibition of MMP‑2 and MMP‑9 level in H3922 cells by bryostatin I
Bryostatin I treatment significantly inhibits the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 inH3922 cells. Gelatin zymography revealed that the expression of MMP-2 activity was reduced from 64.2 ± 4.3 to 16.3 ± 2.7% with the increase in concentration of bryostatin I from 5 and 25 µM. Similarly, the level of MMP-9 was found to be 69.5 ± 5.1 and 37.8 ± 3.4% at 5 and 25 µM concentrations of bryostatin I, respectively (Figure 6).
Figure 6: Effect of bryostatin I on the activity of matrix metalloproteins. H3922 cells after incubation with bryostatin I for 48 hours or DMSO as control were examined for the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by Western blot assay
Discussion
The current study demonstrates the effect of bryostatin I on the viability of H3922 breast cancer cells. Bryostatin I treatment caused inhibition of H3922 cell viability through suppression of synuclein-A expression and induction of apoptosis.
Synuclein-A is an oncogenic protein which promotes proliferation, enhances invasive and migratory potential breast cancer cells (Liu et al., 2000; Lu et al., 2002). Its expression also results in the development of resistance to various chemotherapeutic agents (Gupta et al., 2003; Inaba et al., 2005). In the current study treatment of H3922 cells with bryostatin I caused a significant decrease in the expression of synuclein-A. The reduction of synuclein-A expression by bryostatin I treatment was concentration dependent. The inhibitory effect of bryostatin I on expression of synuclein-A was further confirmed by treatment with its known inhibitor, cytokine (Liu et al., 2000). Treatment of H3922 cells with bryostatin I significantly increased their sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs. Bryostatin I treatment of the cells followed by incubation with taxol induced apoptosis in significantly higher proportion of cells compared to the taxol treated cells. Treatment of H3922 cells with bryostatin I showed reduction in the cell viability in concentration dependent manner using MTT assay. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in the cell viability by bryostatin I treatment.
In H3922 cells treatment with bryostatin I led to a significant (p<0.002) enhancement in the activation of the histone H1 protein. The phosphorylation of the histone H1 was not observed in the control H3922 cells. Bryostatin I treatment of H3922 cells significantly (p<0.002) enhanced the population of cells in the G1 phase compared to the control cells. The increase in population of H3922 cells in the G1 phase was accompanied by a simultaneous reduction in G2/M phase. Matrix metalloproteinases are the most potent factors associated with the development of resistant cancer and its metastasis (Li et al., 2003). It has been demonstrated that inhibition of the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 reduces the migratory and invasive potential of the cancer cells (Blajeski et al., 2002). In the present study bryostatin I treatment significantly inhibits the level of expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in H3922 cells. Gelatin zymography revealed that the expression of MMP-2 activity was reduced to 16.3 ± 2.7% at 25 µM concentration of bryostatin I. Similarly, the expression of MMP-9 was found to be 37.8 ± 3.4%at 25 µM concentrations of bryostatin I.
Conclusion
Bryostatin I treatment inhibits the viability and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells through suppression of synuclein-A expression, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and can be used for its treatment.
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