Neuroprotective effects of electroacupuncture on hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in newborn rats association with increased expression of mTOR
Abstract
In this study, we observed the therapeutic effects of acupuncture and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms by constructed a hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) animal model. In the electroacupuncture group, mTOR expression increased since 1d, and continued to rise till the 21st day. All of the differences were significantly (p<0.05 vs the model group). Meanwhile, mTOR expression was analyzed by Western blotting. There was statistical significance between the model group and the electroacupuncture group in the four time periods (p<0.05). The results provide evidence that electroacupuncture treatment protected cortical neurons against HIE-induced neuronal damage and degenerative changes in rats, which is in association with activation of mTOR both at the mRNA level and protein level. Therefore, electroacupuncture may become a potential therapeutic strategy for HIE of newborn.
Introduction
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an important cause of brain injury in the newborn and can result in long-term devastating consequences. There has been amounting research progress in HIE over the last two decades and many target molecules have been found. Despite all these advances, therapeutic interventions are still limited (Lai and Yang, 2011; Fatemi et al., 2009).
After neonatal hypoxic-ischemic disease happening, there was a significant increase in neural autophagy in a short time (Koike et al., 2008; Rudov et al., 2014; Bellot et al., 2009). Autophagy is reported to play a predominant role in the pathological progress of hypoxia–ischemia brain damage (Li et al., 2007). Previous studies found that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling path-way was involved in the survival process after hypoxia–ischemia brain damage through regulating the expression of some relative protein (Fahling, 2009). PI3-K/Akt is an important pathway related to cell fate determination.
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an atypical Ser/Thr protein kinase, is a main down-stream of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (Nakamura et al., 2006; Gunn and Hailes, 2008; Kang et al., 2008). Previous study found that mTOR as a key regulator of autophagy, could regulate cell growth, cell apoptosis, energy metabolism and inhibition of autophagy after activation. It plays as a role in brain protection. When nutritional status, growth circumstance, hormone levels, and other conditions changes, mTOR has special residues phosphorylation, and changes its activity. Thus, it can play an important role in the processes of many diseases (Mazure and Pouysségur, 2010; Blagosklonny, 2013).
As an alternative medicine methodology originating in ancient China, acupuncture has been used for more than 1,000 years as a treatment or as an adjuvant modality for patients with stroke. It has been frequently used in Asian countries and has become increasingly popular in the western world (MacPherson and Hammerschlag, 2012; Fang et al., 2012; Ji and Zhang, 2009; Zhou et al., 2009).
Several animal studies have indicated neuroprotective effect of acupuncture on hypoxic-ischemic injury. It was shown to play an important role in functional reorganization and cerebral compensation (Wang et al., 2005; Yi et al, 2006; Yang et al., 2005; Li et al., 2012; Gao et al., 2011). The possible mechanisms involved have attracted more and more attentions. So, using a HIE rat model, in the present study we evaluated the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of electroacupuncture and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms, especially the role of mTOR in the process.
Materials and Methods
This study was performed at the Experimental Center, Medical College of Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital, from September 2013 to May 2014.
Animal
A total of 236 seven-day-old SD rats (belonging to 11 broods with the mothers included, 10 to 11 newborn rats per brood), male or female, breast-feeding, specific pathogen-free (SPF) grade, weighing 10.5 to 15 g (average weight, 112.8 ± 1.6 g), were provided by Qingdao Drug Detection Institute (No. SCXK (Lu) 2013-0001). They were maintained in a temperature-controlled (20 to 25°C) facility with a 12 hours light/12 hours dark cycle. Among which four weighing less than 11 g were excluded. In each brood, it is randomly assigned into two groups, sham-surgery group and HIE model group. Totally there were 25 rats in the former group and 211 rats in the latter group.
Finally 176 rats were successfully established as the HIE model with the successful rate of 83.4%. Then the successfully established rats were randomly divided into the HIE model group, sham-acpuncture group, acupuncture group, antagonists group, and acupuncture and antagonists group, with 35 rats in each group. All groups were subdivided into four subgroups in terms of four time periods of 1d, 3d, 7d and 21d.
Establishment of HIE animal model
The HIE model was constructed according to the LCCA ligation method in combination with hypoxic treatment described by Rice et al. (1981). Briefly, animals were anesthetized by inhaling ether. In the supine position, a midline ventral incision was made to expose the LCCA, which was carefully separated from the vagus nerve. The LCCA was separated, ligated using a 5/0 silk suture, and then the incision was sewed up. After a two-hour restoration, the rat was put in a sealed transparent vessel and set in the warm bathe with the temperature of 37°C. Then the vessel was passed into gas with low content of oxygen (including 8% of oxygen and 92% of nitrogen) at the velocity of 1 L/min for 2.5 hours. The survivors were kept warm for another one hour and then received behavioral tests. For the sham-surgery group, after anesthesia, the LCCA was separated without ligation and the incision was sewed up without any hypoxic treatment. The rat died or not awake 2 hours after surgery were excluded. Behavioral tests were made four hours later, and rats in this group showed no behavioral abnormality.
Electroacupuncture treatment
The bilateral common carotid arteries were separated, without ligation, and the rats were without hypoxia after incisions sutured in the sham surgery group. The bilateral common carotid arteries were separated and ligated, and incisions were sutured, without any other treatment in model group.
In the electroacupuncture group, four acupoints including Baihui (GV20), Dazhui (GV14), Quchi (LI11) and Yongquan (KI1) were chosen, positioned according to the ordinary acupoints for acupuncture in rats. Localization of the acupoints was based on the International Standard Scheme for acupoint names of acupuncture drafted by the experimental acupuncture branch of the China Acupuncture Academy. Baihui (GV20) acupoint is located in the center of the parietal bone. Dazhui (GV14) is located between the seventh cervical vertebra and the first thoracic vertebra, just in the center of the back. Quchi (LI11) is in the midpoint of the line between the outer end of the elbow stripes and the epicondyle of the humerus, and Yongquan (KI1) is located in the plantar anterior third (toes excluded). Needles 0.5 inch in length were horizontally inserted backwards into Baihui (GV20) for 0.2 inch deep, perpendicularly inserted into Dazhui (GV14) for 0.2 inch deep, perpendicularly inserted into Quchi (LI11) for 0.5 inch deep and rapidly inserted into Yongquan (KI1) without leaving the needle, respectively. The two acupoints Baihui (GV20) and Quchi (LI11) were connected with G-6805 electric acupuncture apparatus (Shanghai Huayi Medical Instrument Factory, China), and receive electroacupuncture for 10 min with the continuous wave at the frequency of 5 to 10 Hz with the local tissue shivering slightly, and with the voltage between 3 to 5V. The acupuncture therapy was given once a day for consecutive day 1, 3, 7 and 21 respectively. The positions were from Baihui (GV20), Dazhui (GV14), Quchi (LI11) and Yongquan (KI1) by 1 cm. In the antagonists group the HIE model rats were injected wortmannin 5 uL (20 ug/kg wortmannin, dissolved in DMSO) to the left ventricle by stereo positioning instrument. The acupuncture and antagonists group had the operations of antagonists group and electroacupuncture group at the same time.
Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining for determination of neuronal damage
Rats were anesthetized by inhaling ether at the indicated time. The left ventricle was cannulated and perfused with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (preheated at 37°C), and then perfused and fixed with 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde (in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4), precooled at 4°C) firstly at full speed till convulsion of the limbs ceased, then perfusion was kept at the velocity of 1 mL/min. Then, the brain was quickly separated with the cerebellum and the brainstem removed and placed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 hours at 4°C. The specimens were dehydrated with 20% sucrose and frozen. The frozen sections were then serially cut into 20 μm thick coronal slices. HE staining was performed according to the standard protocol The sections were observed under a light microscope (Nikon, Japan) using a magnification of ×200, and photographed.
Detection of RET mRNA expression in the injured cortex by real time RT-PCR
Total RNA was extracted from the injured cortex (about 1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm ) of rats using Trizol (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Two micrograms of total RNA were used to synthesize first-strand cDNA with M-MuLV reverse transcriptase (Fermentas, USA) using random primers. Real time PCR was performed using the ABI 7500 real time PCR detection system (ABI, USA) with SYBR green (Fermentas, USA). Primer sequences for specific genes are presented as follows. Forward primer for mTOR: 5’-CGCTGATCCCTTTATCG-3’ ; Reverse primer for mTOR: 5’-ATGCTCAAACACCTCCACC-3’(168bp). Forward primer for GAPDH: 5’-GAAGGTGAAGGTC-GGAGT-3’; Reverse primer for GAPDH: 5’-GAAGATG-GTGATGGGATTTC-3’ (193bp). GAPDH was used as an internal control.
Detection of mTOR protein expression in the injured cortex by western blot analysis
Total protein extracts were prepared from rat brains as previously described. In brief, rats were anesthetized with ether and rapidly decapitated. Brain was quickly separated with the cerebellum and the brainstem removed and placed on ice in 10 volumes of cold homogenization buffer (50 mmol/L Tris, 120 mmol/L NaCl, pH 7.4) to which protease inhibitors (Sigma, USA) had been added. The tissue was then homogenized and stored at -80°C. Protein concentrations were determined using the Bradford method (Bio-Rad, USA). Equal amounts of protein (50 µg/lane) were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Millipore, USA). After being blocked, the filters were incubated with the following primary antibodies: mTOR monoclonal antibody (Cell Signaling, USA). Anti-GAPDH antibody (Abcam, USA). GAPDH was used as an internal loading control. After being washed and incubated with the goat anti rabbit secondary antibody (Maixin Company, China), the immune complexes were visualized with a chemiluminescence reagent. Western blots were quantified densitometrically with Quantity One software (Bio-Rad, USA), and the intensity values were normalized to GAPDH.
Statistical analysis
All data were analyzed using SPSS 13.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Measurement data were expressed as mean ± SD. Comparisons among several groups were made using one-way analysis of variance under equal variances and Kruskal-wallis H analysis under unequal variances. Comparisons between groups were made using SNK-q test under equal variances and Dunnett’s T3 test under unequal variances. p<0.05 (two-tail) was considered statistically significant.
Results
Electroacupuncture treatment significantly ameliorates neuronal damage caused by hypoxic-ischemic injury
In the sham-surgery group, HE staining showed normal structures of cortex with clear organizational structure, normal cell outline, clear nucleolus and cell nucleus located in the center (Figure 1- F). In the control model group, hypoxic-ischemic injury for 1d to 3d induced neuronal damage with obvious signs of necrosis and degeneration of neurons, such as mesh-like structure, irregular arrangements of neurons, concentrated cytoplasm, vacuolation of cytoplasm, karyopyknosis, and nucleolus loss (Figure 1-A1, A3). 7d to 21d after the operation, severe neuron loss along with proliferation of surrounding astrocytes was observed (Figure 1-A7, A21). The pathological changes of nerve cells in the sham acupuncture group (Figure 1-B1, B3, B7, B21) were similar to that in the model group. Electroacupuncture for 3d showed swelling and degeneration of neurons but less severe than the control model group (Figure 1-C3). Electroacupuncture treatment for 7d to 21d showed less signs of necrosis and degeneration of neurons, that is relatively clear organizational structure, regular arrangements of neurons, normal cell outline and relatively clear nucleolus (Figure 1-C7, C21). In acupuncture and antagonists group, pathological changes of nerve cells also had a trend to reduce, but inferior to the acupuncture group (Figure 1-E3, E7, E21). In antagonists group, more obvious nerve cell necrosis, cell shrinkage, nuclear condensations were seen (Figure 1-D1, D3, D7, D21).
Figure 1: Effect of electroacupuncture treatment on neuronal damage in the injured cortex of rat with HIE (Hematoxylin-eosin staining , optical microscope, ×200)
MTOR mRNA expression levels were detected with realtime RT-PCR. As was shown in Figure 2, compared with that of the sham-surgery group, expression levels of mTOR mRNA in the cerebral cortex with hypoxic-ischemic injury from the model group increased at the first day post-surgery (p<0.05), continued increasing three days later and reached the peak at the seventh day (p<0.05). To 21 days, the expression of mTOR mRNA in model group was not significantly increased, but compared with the sham operation group, and the difference was also significantly (p<0.05). The expression in the sham-acupuncture group was close to that of the model group with sustained rising in 1d, 3d, 7d and 21d, and the differences were not significant (p>0.05). In the electroacupuncture group, mTOR expression also increased since the first day, and continued to rise till the 21st day. All of the differences were significantly (p<0.05 vs the sham-surgery group). The expressions of mTOR in the acupuncture and antagonists group were significantly different from that of the sham-surgery group in 1d, 3d and 7d, and to 21d, the differences were significant compared to that of model group (p<0.05). Table I showed the changes of mTOR mRNA in each group at different times.
Figure 2: Effect of electroacupuncture treatment on mTOR mRNA expression in the injured cortex of rat with HIE (real time RT-PCR)
Table I: Phytochemical screening of leaves extract of C. limetta
| Group | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 7 | Day 21 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sham-surgery | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.3379 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | |
| Model | 1.3 ± 0.0a | 2.1 ± 0.2a | 2.6 ± 0.2a | 2.7 ± 0.1a | |
| Sham-acupuncture | 1.4 ± 0.1a | 2.1 ± 0.2a | 2.5 ± 0.1a | 2.6 ± 0.1a | |
| Acupuncture | 1.8 ± 0.1abc | 2.8 ± 0.1abc | 3.2 ± 0.1abc | 3.5 ± 0.1abc | |
| Antagonists | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | |
| Acupuncture and antagonists | 1.6 ± 0.1a | 2.2 ± 0.2a | 2.8 ± 0.1a | 3.1 ± 0.2abc | |
| mRNA was normalized to the internal control GAPDH. Data are expressed as mean ± SD; n = 6 rats per group; ap<0.05 vs the corresponding sham-surgery group; bp<0.05 vs the corresponding model group; cp<0.05 vs the corresponding antagonists group) | |||||
Expression changes of mTOR protein in the cerebral cortex of rats from different time sessions and different groups
MTOR expression was analyzed by western blotting. In comparison with the sham-surgery group, mTOR expression at the protein level was significantly increased both in model group (p<0.05) and in the electroacupuncture group (p<0.05) at the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 21th day. Furthermore, mTOR expression was increased both in the model group and in electroacupuncture group. There was statistical significance between the model group and the electroacupuncture group in the four time periods (p<0.05). MTOR expressions in electroacupuncture and antagonists group were not significant compared to model group at 1st, 3rd, 7th day (p>0.05), but the difference was significant at 21 rd day (p<0.05) (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Effect of electroacupuncture treatment on mTOR protein expression in the injured cortex of rat with HIE (Western blot) (A)-(D) mTOR protein expression at the 1st, 3rd , 7th and 21st day respectively
Discussion
In the present study, we constructed a HIE animal model to evaluate the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of electroacupuncture and to further investigate the role of mTOR in the process. Cerebral development of seven-day-old rat is similar to that of the newborn, so we chose seven-day-old rat to construct the model. Internal carotid artery and vertebral artery of rats form Willis ring at the undersurface of cerebrum. Therefore ligation of one side of the common carotid arteries cannot induce ideal ischemic injury. In 1981, Rice firstly established a rat model of HIE by ligating the common carotid artery in combination with hypoxic treatment (Rice et al., 1981). Since then, the model has been widely used for its simple operation, high successful rate, low mortality, high reliability and good reproducibility.
Many animal studies have indicated neuroprotective effect of acupunture on hypoxic-ischemic injury. Acu-point combination is a complicated issue. Among different acupoints, Baihui (GV20) and Dazhui (GV14) are the main points of the Du channel, which exhibits a combined supervising effect on the entire meridian system. Acupuncture at Baihui in combination with Dazhui promoted flow of blood, resuscitated consciousness, recuperated depleted yang, and balanced Yin and Yang (Fang et al., 2012). Amounting evidence of animal experiments have shown that acupuncture at the points located in the head and the neck could improve the blood circulation system of the brain, dilate brain blood vessel, improve the microcirculation, ameliorate cerebral edema, and activate the repair function of cerebral neurons to promote functional recovery (Kim et al., 2011; Chuang et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2012). Quchi (LI11) is the He-Sea point of the large intestine channel of Hand-Yangming. Electroacupuncture at Quchi (LI11) and Zusanli (ST36) acupoints was reported to improve the ischemia-associated scores of neurological deficits, reduce cerebral infarction, alleviate inflammatory responses, promote neovascularization, inhibit neural cell apoptosis and promote neurological functional recovery in a focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rat model (Lan et al., 2013; Hong et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2010). Yongquan (KI1) is the significant Jing-Well point of the kidney channel of Foot-Shaoyin. Using in combination with Baihui (GV20), it was shown to improve energy and intelligence, clear the brain collaterals and coordinate the channels and collaterals (Xue et al., 2009; Xue et al., 2011). Acupuncture at Quchi (LI11) and Yongquan (KI1) was reported to promote functional recovery of the extremities after neuron injury (Ji et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2009). Considering that Baihui (GV20), Dazhui (GV14), Quchi (LI11) and Yongquan (KI1) are commonly used in clinics for patient treatment and are easy to locate, we chose the combination of the above four acupoints in our experiments. HE staining results showed that electroacupuncture treatment significantly ameliorated neuronal damage caused by hypoxic-ischemic injury and protected structure of neurons against the degenerative alterations, suggesting that electroacupuncture at Baihui (GV20), Dazhui (GV14), Quchi (LI11) and Yongquan (KI1) exerts neuropro-tective function in HIE.
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), also termed the mechanistic target of rapamycin and FK 506-binding protein 12-rapamycin complex-associated protein 1 (FRAP 1), is a 289 kDa protein serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a critical role in protein synthesis, cytoskeletal organization, cellular differentiation, development, survival, and aging (Chong et al., 2010). A large number of studies showed that the abnormal regulation of mTOR signaling pathway is closely related to cell proliferation. MTOR played an important role not only in the physiological processes such as cell growth, protein expression, protein degeneration, signal transduction, ribosome synthesis, but also in the formation and development of brain, the occurrence of neural synapse, the formation of learning and memory (Schicknik et al., 2008). Dying neurons in HIE may experience various morphologic changes, through apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis cell death pathways (Blomgren et al., 2007). mTOR can participate in the regulation of neuronal death. When the living conditions are changed, the external stimuli such as hunger, hypoxia, and nutritional deficiency can activate autophagy in order to survive cells. However, if the level of autophagy is too high, cells will inhibit autophagy by increasing the expression of mTOR. Special residues phosphorylation of mTOR can change its activity and regulate autophagy. In recent years, electroacupuncture treatment in hypoxic ischemic brain damage has been paid more and more attention. Severe hypoxia can lead to cell death, and mTOR as a key regulator of autophagy, can inhibit the activation of autophagy.
In the present study, we investigated the expression changes of mTOR in the hypoxic-ischemic injured cerebral cortex at the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 21st day post-surgery and explored the interventing effect of electroacupuncture. Results showed that the expression of mTOR in model group increased at the 1st day after hypoxia, and the upward trend was more obvious at the 7th day, and it was not obvious from 7th day to 21st day. This suggests that rats have self protection after hypoxia ischemia, but the self protective ability are effective only in a short period of time without interventions. The change of mTOR in electroacupuncture group showed a continuous upward trend, compared to model group at 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 21rd day. The differences were significant.
Conclusion
Electroacupuncture treatment protected cortical neurons against HIE-induced neuronal damage and degenerative changes in rats, which is in association with activation of mTOR. Therefore, electroacupuncture may become a potential therapeutic strategy for HIE of newborn.
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