Effects of Alchemilla mollis and Alchemilla persica on the wound healing process
Abstract
Alchemilla mollis, is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of wounds and excessive menstruation. Aqueous methanol extracts of A. mollis and A. persica were evaluated for wound healing acivity by using linear incision and circular excision wound models along with hydroxyproline estimation and histopathological analysis. Anti-inflammatory effect was determined according to Whittle method. The extracts prepared from the aerial parts of A. mollis and A. persica exerted significant wound healing activity with the tensile strength values of 39.3% and 33.3%, respectively, and with the contraction values of 51.4% and 43.5%, respectively. Hydroxyproline estimation and histopathological analysis also confirmed the results. The extracts of A. mollis and A. persica showed significant anti-inflammatory activity with the values of 30.6% and 26.6% respectively. These results showed that A. mollis and A. persica possess significant wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities.
Introduction
Alchemilla genus plants are herbaceous perennial plants from the family Rosaceae, known as their common name "Lady's mantle". The most popular species of this genus is A. vulgaris L. The medicinal part of the plant is the aerial part, collected in flowering season, which is also recorded in ESCOP Monographs and approved by Commision E in order to be used against diarrhea as well as gastrointestinal complaints hemorrhoids and dysmenorrhoae and externally in the cases of stomatitis and wound healing (ESCOP Monographs, 2003; Gruenwald et al., 2000; Neagu et al., 2015). Indeed, in traditional medicine, Alchemilla species have been used internally for the treatment of menopausal complaints, dysmenorrhea, gastrointestinal disorders, mouth and throat inflammation and externally for ulcers, eczema and skin rashes (Kupeli Akkol et al., 2015). One of these species, A. mollis, is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of wounds and excessive menstruation (Makau et al., 2013; Trendafilova et al., 2011; Yarnel and Abascal, 2009). Previous studies on A. mollis have revealed that the plant has antiviral, astringent, diuretic, antispasmodic and antioxidant activities (Makau et al., 2013; Trendafilova et al., 2011) due to its phenolic content; tannins, flavonoid glycosides (Trendafilova et al., 2011).
This study was designed to screen the wound healing activity potential of two Alchemilla species namely, A. mollis and A. persica, growing wild in Turkey, by conducting in vivo bioassays.
Materials and Methods
Plant material
Both the aerial parts and roots of A. mollis and A. persica were collected from Sivas Sarıyar village and Erzincan Kop passage, respectively and identified by Mehmet Tekin from Faculty of Science, Cumhuriyet University and Prof. Hayri Duman from Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Gazi University. Voucher specimen of A. mollis was deposited in Herbarium of Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Science (CUFH 1344) and the voucher specimen of A. persica was kept in the Herbarium of Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy (AEF 25896).
Preparation of the extracts
Aerial parts and roots of the plants were separated, shade dried and powdered. Aqueous methanolic extracts were prepared with methanol: water (80:20) mixture by continuous stirring at 24°C for 8 hours. After filtration, extracts were concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure and low temperature (40-50°C) on a rotary evaporator to obtain crude extract. Yield percentages were as follows; 26.1%, 26.0% for A. mollis aerial parts and roots and 19.9%, 14.5% for A. persica aerial parts and roots, respectively.
Animals
Male Swiss albino mice (20-25 g) and Sprague-Dawley rats (160-180 g) provided from Laboratory Experimental Animals, Kobay, Turkey were left for 3 days for acclimatization into laboratory conditions and maintained on standard pellet diet and water ad libitum. For the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity, the food was withdrawn on the day before the experiment, but free access to water was allowed. Six animals were used in each group. All experimental process was achieved at the Laboratory Animals Breeding and Experimental Researches Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University.
Preparation of test samples
In the anti-inflammatory activity, test samples were given orally to the animals after suspending in a mixture of distilled water and 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Control group animals received the same experimental handling as those of the test groups except that the drug treatment was replaced with appropriate volumes of the dosing vehicle. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) in 0.5% CMC was used as reference drug (Süntar et al., 2010).
For the evaluation of wound-healing activity, the test ointments were prepared by mixing the extracts with a mixture of ointment base consisting of glycol stearate: Propylene glycol and liquid paraffin (3:6:1) in a mortar thoroughly. Treatments were started immediately after the creation of wound by daily application of the test ointments on the wounded area. The control group animals were topically treated with ointment base, while the animals in negative control group were not treated with any product. Madecassol® (Bayer) (0.5 g) was used topically as reference drug (Sintar et al., 2010).
Wound-healing activity
Linear incision wound model
Animals were anesthetized with 0.05 mL xylazine (2% Alfazine®) and 0.15 mL ketamine (10% Ketasol®) and the back hair of the rats were shaved and cleaned with 70% alcohol. Two 5 cm-length linear-paravertebral incisions were created with a sterile blade at the distance of 1.5 cm from the dorsal midline on each side. Three surgical sutures were placed each 1 cm apart.
The test ointments, the reference drug (Madecassol®) and ointment base were topically applied on the dorsal wounds in each group of animals once daily throughout 9 days. All the sutures were removed on the last day. Tensile strength of the treated skin was measured by using a tensiometer (Zwick/Roell Z0.5, Germany) (Lodhi et al., 2006; Sintar et al., 2010; Suguna et al., 2002).
Circular excision wound model
Mice were anesthetized with 0.02 mL xylazine (2% Alfazine®) and 0.08 mL ketamine (10% Ketasol®). The back was depilated by shaving. The circular wound was created on the dorsal interscapular region of each animal by excising the skin with a 5 mm biopsy punch (Nopa instruments, Germany); wounds were left open. Test samples, reference drug (Madecassol®, Bayer) and the vehicle ointments were applied topically once a day till the wounds completely healed. The progressive changes in wound areas were monitored by a camera (Fuji, S20 Pro, Japan) on alternate days. Wound areas were evaluated by using AutoCAD program. Wound contraction was calculated as percentage of the reduction in wounded area. A specimen sample of tissue was isolated from the healed skin of each group of mice for the histopathological analysis (Sintar et al., 2011).
Histopathology
The tissue specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, processed and blocked with paraffin and then sectioned into 5 µm sections and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Van Gieson (VG) stains. The tissues were examined by light microscope (Nicon Eclipse Ciattached Kameram® Digital image analyze system) and graded as mild (+), moderate (++) and severe (+++) for epidermal or dermal remodeling. For this purpose, re-epithelization or ulcus in epidermis; fibroblast proliferation, mononuclear and/or polymorphonuclear cells, neovascularization and collagen depositions in dermis were analyzed. After examination, results were combined and staged for wound healing phases as inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling in all groups.
Hydroxyproline estimation
Tissues were dried in hot air oven at 60-70°C until consistent weight was achieved. Afterwards, samples were hydrolyzed with 6N HCl for 3 hours at 130°C. The hydrolyzed samples were adjusted to pH 7 and subjected to chloramin T oxidation. The colored adduct formed with Ehrlich reagent at 60°C was read at 557 nm. Standard hydroxyproline was also run and values reported as µg/mg dry weight of tissue (Sintar et al., 2012).
Anti-inflammatory activity
Acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability (Whittle method)
Effect of the test samples on the increased vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in mice was determined according to the method (Whittle, 1964) with some modifications (Yesilada and Kupeli, 2007). Test samples were administered orally to a group of 10 mice in 0.2 mL/20 g body weight. Thirty min after the administration, tail of each animal was injected with 0.1 mL of 4% Evans blue in saline solution (i.v.) and waited for 10 min. Then, 0.4 mL of 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid solution was injected i.p. After 20 min incubation, the mice were killed by dislocation of the neck, and the viscera were exposed and irrigated with distilled water, which was then poured into 10 mL volumetric flasks through glass wool. Each flask was made up to 10 mL with distilled water, 0.1 mL of 0.1N NaOH solution was added to the flask, and the absorption of the final solution was measured at 590 nm (Beckmann Dual Spectrometer; Beckman, Fullerton, CA, USA). A mixture of distilled water and 0.5% CMC was given orally to control animals, and they were treated in the same manner as described above.
Determination of antioxidant activity and total phenolics
The antioxidant effect was assessed by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The samples and reference were dissolved in MeOH and mixed with DPPH solution (80 µg/mL). The amount of remaining DPPH was determined at 517 nm by using spectrophotometer. Quercetin was used as reference compound. DPPH inhibitory activity was calculated according to the following formula:
Inhibition (%) = (Acontrol - Asample) x 100 / Acontrol
where Acontrol was the absorbance of the control reaction (containing all reagents except the test sample), and Asample was the absorbance of the test/reference
Experiments were run in duplicate and the results were expressed as inhibition values (Kumarasamy et al., 2003).
Total phenolic contents of the extracts were performed employing the methods involving Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and gallic acid as a standard (Spanos and Wrolstad, 1990). An amount of 100 µL test solution containing 1 mg of extract was transferred in a volumetric flask, distilled water and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were added and flask was shaken thoroughly. Na2CO3 solution (4 mL) was added and the mixture was allowed to stand for 2 hours with intermittent shaking at room temperature. Then the absorbance of the test solution was measured at 765 nm. The same procedure was repeated for various concentrations of gallic acid solutions (0.05 mg/mL; 0.1 mg/mL; 0.15 mg/mL; 0.25 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL) and standard curve was obtained.
Statistical analysis
Data obtained from animal experiments were expressed as the mean standard error (± SEM). Statistical differences between the treated and the control groups were evaluated by ANOVA and Students-Newman-Keuls post-hoc tests. p<0.05 was considered to be significant. Histopathological data were considered to be nonparametric; therefore, no statistical tests were performed.
Results
The extracts prepared from the aerial parts of A. mollis and A. persica exerted significant wound healing activity with the tensile strength values of 39.3% and 33.3%, respectively on the incision wound model, and with the contraction values of 51.4% and 43.5%, respectively on the excision wound model (Table I, II). According to histopathological analysis, reference group showed the best remodelling comparing to the other groups. Lesser remodelling were seen in the A. mollis aerial part extract, A. persica aerial part extract and A. mollis root extract groups, respectively. Limited healing processes were detected in the A. persica root extract, vehicle, and negative control groups (Table III). Histopathological results were presented in Figure 1. According to the results of hydroxyproline analysis, the aerial part extracts of A. mollis and A. persica were found to possess higher hydroxyproline content than the other groups (Table IV).
Figure 1: Histopathological view of wound healing and epidermal/dermal re-modeling in the test material administered animals
Skin sections show the hematoxylin & eosin (HE) stained epidermis and dermis in A, and the dermis stained with Van Gieson (VG) in B. The original magnification was x100 and the scale bars represent 120 µm for figures in A, and the original magnification was x400 and the scale bars represent 40 µm for B. Data are representative of 6 animal per group. 1) Vehicle group, 2) Negative Control group, 3) A. mollis AE, 4) A. mollis R; 5) A. persica AE, 6) A. persica R, 7) Madecassol®. Arrows pointing events during wound healing; s: Scab, u: Ulcus, re: Re-epithelization, f: Fibroblast, c: Collagen, mnc: Mononuclear cells, nv: Neovascularization
Table I: Effects of the extracts of A. mollis and A. persica on linear incision wound model
| Material |
Parts used |
Statistical data (mean ± SEM) |
%Tensile strength |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vehicle | - | 10.3 ± 2.1 | 3.6 |
| Negative control | - | 9.9 ± 2.3 | - |
| A. mollis | Aerial parts | 14.3 ± 1.8 | 39.3b |
| A. mollis | Roots | 12.6 ± 2.0 | 22.6a |
| A. persica | Aerial parts | 13.7 ± 2.0 | 33.3b |
| A. persica | Roots | 11.5 ± 2.2 | 11.4 |
| Madecassol® | - | 16.0 ± 1.2 | 55.1c |
| ap<0.05; bp<0.01; cp<0.001; Percentage of tensile strength values: Vehicle group was compared to negative control group; Extracts were compared to vehicle group | |||
Table II: Effects of the extracts of A. mollis and A. persica on circular excision wound model
| Wound area ± SEM (%Contraction) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Material | Parts used | Day 0 | Day 2 | Day 4 | Day 6 | Day 8 | Day 10 | Day 12 |
| Vehicle | - | 20.0 ± 2.1 | 18.1 ± 1.7 - |
17.4 ± 2.0 (5.6) |
16.0 ± 2.0 - |
11.9 ± 1.4 (4.2) |
7.7 ± 1.3 (1.7) |
3.9 ± 0.7 (1.8) |
| Negative control | - | 19.8 ± 2.3 | 18.0 ± 1.8 | 17.9 ± 2.0 | 15.6 ± 1.8 | 12.4 ± 1.7 | 7.8 ± 1.5 | 4.0 ± 1.0 |
| A. mollis | Aerial parts | 19.7 ± 2.2 | 17.2 ± 1.2 (5.0) |
16.2 ± 1.9 (6.9) |
13.3 ± 2.0 (16.9) |
8.7 ± 1.5 (26.3) |
4.6 ± 1.0 (39.6)a |
1.9 ± 0.3 (51.4)b |
| A. mollis | Roots | 19.8 ± 2.0 | 17.5 ± 1.4 (3.6) |
16.6 ± 2.0 (5.0) |
13.9 ± 2.0 (12.9) |
9.9 ± 1.6 (16.4) |
5.9 ± 1.3 (23.7) |
2.7 ± 0.5 (30.4)a |
| A. persica | Aerial parts | 19.9 ± 2.1 | 18.2 ± 1.8 - |
17.0 ± 1.7 (2.4) |
14.0 ± 1.6 (12.1) |
9.3 ± 1.5 (21.6) |
5.1 ± 1.0 (33.0)a |
2.2 ± 0.3 (43.5)b |
| A. persica | Roots | 20.1 ± 2.3 | 18.2 ± 1.7 - |
17.6 ± 2.0 - |
14.9 ± 1.8 (7.0) |
10.9 ± 1.9 (8.0) |
6.3 ± 1.4 (17.8) |
3.1 ± 0.9 (18.7) |
| Madecassol® | - | 19.8 ± 2.2 | 15.3 ± 1.3 (15.5) |
13.5 ± 1.5 (22.7) |
9.9 ± 1.1 (37.8)a |
4.2 ± 0.7 (64.4)b |
1.9 ± 0.7 (75.4)c |
0.0 ± 0.0 (100.0)c |
| ap<0.05; bp<0.01; cp<0.001; Percentage of contraction values: Vehicle group was compared to negative control group; Extracts were compared to vehicle group | ||||||||
Table III: Wound healing processes and healing phases of the experimental groups
| Wound Healing Processes | Healing Phases | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Groups | Parts used | S | U | RE | FP | CD | MNC | PMN | NV | I | P | R |
| Vehicle | - | +++ | ++/+++ | - | +++ | ++/+++ | ++/+++ | ++/+++ | ++/+++ | ++/+++ | ++/+++ | - |
| Negative control | - | +++ | +++ | - | +++ | ++/+++ | ++/+++ | ++/+++ | ++/+++ | ++/+++ | +++ | - |
| A. mollis | AE | ++ | - | + | ++/+++ | ++ | ++/+++ | +/++ | ++ | ++ | ++/+++ | + |
| A. mollis | R | ++/+++ | -/+ | -/+ | ++/+++ | ++/+++ | ++/+++ | +/++ | ++ | ++/+++ | ++/+++ | -/+ |
| A. persica | AE | ++/+++ | -/+ | -/+ | ++/+++ | ++ | ++/+++ | +/++ | ++ | ++ | ++/+++ | -/+ |
| A. persica | R | ++/+++ | +/++ | - | ++/+++ | +++ | ++/+++ | +/++ | ++/+++ | ++/+++ | +++ | - |
| Madecassol® | - | ++ | - | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | +/++ | +/++ | ++ | + |
Table IV: Effects of the test ointments of A. mollis and A. persica on hydroxyproline content
| Material | Parts used | Hydroxyproline(µg/mg) |
|---|---|---|
| Vehicle | - | 13.4 ± 2.0 |
| Negative control | - | 11.8 ± 2.5 |
| A. mollis | Aerial parts | 28.1 ± 0.9a |
| A. mollis | Roots | 16.3 ± 2.2 |
| A. persica | Aerial parts | 25.9 ± 1.0a |
| A. persica | Roots | 15.1 ± 2.5 |
| Madecassol® | - | 44.3 ± 0.8c |
| Data are mean ± SEM; ap<0.05; bp<0.01; cp<0.001; Vehicle group was compared to negative control group; Extracts were compared to vehicle group | ||
In the anti-inflammatory activity assessment, the aerial part extracts of A. mollis and A. persica showed significant anti-inflammatory activity with the values of 30.6% and 26.6% respectively, at 200 mg/kg dose (Table V). On the other hand, the aerial part extract of A. mollis demonstrated the best DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50=39.5 µg/mL) with the highest phenolic content (72.4 mg GAL/g) (Table VI).
Table V: Inhibitory effect of the extracts of A. mollis and A. persica on acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability
| Material | Parts used | Dose (mg/kg) |
Evans blue concentration (mg/mL) |
Inhibition (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | - | 13.2 ± 1.3 | ||
| A. mollis | Aerial parts | 100 | 10.7 ± 0.9 | 19.2 |
| A. mollis | Aerial parts | 200 | 9.2 ± 0.7 | 30.6b |
| A. mollis | Roots | 100 | 12.5 ± 1.1 | 5.3 |
| A. mollis | Roots | 200 | 12.3 ± 1.0 | 7.4 |
| A. persica | Aerial parts | 100 | 11.7 ± 1.3 | 11.5 |
| A. persica | Aerial parts | 200 | 9.7 ± 0.9 | 26.6a |
| A. persica | Roots | 100 | 14.5 ± 1.1 | - |
| A. persica | Roots | 200 | 12.8 ± 0.9 | 3.6 |
| Indomethacin | 10 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 58.0c |
Table VI: DPPH scavenging activity and total phenolic content of the extracts of A. mollis and A. persica
| Material | IC50 (µg/mL) |
Phenolic content (mg GAL/g) |
|---|---|---|
| A. mollis (Aerial parts) | 39.4 | 72.4 ± 3.8 |
| A. Mollis (Roots) | 114.6 | 21.4 ± 2.9 |
| A. persica (Aerial parts) | 82.7 | 56.4 ± 2.5 |
| A. persica (Roots) | 156.3 | 20.6 ± 3.2 |
| Reference (Quercetin) | 3.1 | - |
Discussion
In the present study, wound healing activity of A. mollis and A. persica, both of which have quite similar phytochemical profile according to our previous research (Kupeli Akkol et al., 2015), were selected in order to be evaluated by using in vivo wound models. The extracts prepared from the aerial parts of A. mollis and A. persica displayed significant wound healing effect with regard to the contraction and tensile strength values, as well as histopathological and hydroxyproline analysis. The aerial part extracts of A. mollis and A. persica demonstrated remarkable anti-inflammatory activity; the aerial part extract of A. mollis showed significant antioxidant effect.
In the previous studies on A. mollis, hyperoside, isoquercetin, cis- and trans-tiliroside, sinocrassoside D2 and rhodiolgin were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the flowering aerial parts (Trendafilova et al., 2012; Trendafilova et al., 2011). By using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique, monomeric and oligomeric ellagitannins were identified in acetone/water extracts obtained from the leaves of A. mollis (Duckstein et al., 2012). In our previous study, hyperoside and isoquercetin quantification in aqueous methanolic extracts of A. mollis and A. persica was conducted by HPLC. Some phenolics such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid, orientin, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, luteolin-7-glycoside, myricetin and apigenin were investigated in A. mollis and A. persica by a developed and validated HPLC method. Hyperoside and isoquercitrin which are the major components of the aerial parts of the both species were quantified as 0.2 ± 0.002 mg and 0.6 ± 0.003 mg, respectively A. Mollis; and 0.2 ± 0.001 mg and 0.5 ± 0.001 mg respectively in A. persica for 100 mg plant material. In consequence, the phytochemical profiles of A. mollis and A. persica were found to be similar in terms of their HPLC chromatograms (Kupeli Akkol et al., 2015).
Previously, Shrivastava and John (2006) studied the wound healing activity of Aphtarine® which contains standard 3% extract of A. vulgaris for the treatment of aphthous ulcers clinically. Topical application of Aphtarine® gel to minor mouth ulcers relieved discomfort and produced complete healing in the majority of patients within 2 days (Shrivastava and John, 2006). In another study by the same authors, hydroglycerinated extract of A. vulgaris was shown to enhance myofibroblast and epithelial cell growth in both in vivo and in vitro models (Shrivastava et al., 2007). According to the phytochemical analysis quercetin glycosides were isolated from A. vulgaris (D'Agostino et al., 1998), which reveals a similar phytochemical profile with the two Alchemilla species, A. mollis and A. persica, used as the plant materials of the present research. Therefore, it could be concluded that flavonoid type compounds could also be responsible from the activity of these both species. Indeed, in a previous study, wound healing activiy potential of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum was attributed to hyperoside, isoquercitrin, rutin and (-)-epicatechin besides the naphthodianthrone type compounds (Suntar et al., 2010). The results of the present study was found to be in accord with those previous findings.
According to the literature survey, Alchemilla species were screened for other biological activities. For instance, inhibitory effect of A. mollis against influenza A virus subtypes H1N1, H3N2, and H5N2 was shown in the study reported by Makau et al. (2013). The results demonstrated that A. mollis extract exhibited virucidal activity against influenza virus particles (Makau et al., 2013). Moreover, antioxidant activities of A. mollis and A. persica were investigated by Trendafilova et al. (2011) and Ergene et al. (2010), respectively. It was reported that potent free radical scavenging activity of A. mollis extract was due to its phenolic content; tannins, flavonoid glycosides (Trendafilova et al., 2011). Additionally, it was demonstrated that aqueous methanolic extract prepared from the aerial part of A. persica possessed significant antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH radical and reducing MDA level (Ergene et al., 2010). The data obtained from the present study was in accord with those previous findings. Recent researches have also pointed out that, isoquercitrin and hyperoside possess potent antioxidant activity (Kim et al., 2011; Valentova et al., 2014). Due to the strong relationship between wound healing and antioxidant activity (Getie et al., 2002; Shetty et al., 2008), wound healing potential of A. mollis and A. persica could be attributed to their flavonoid glycosides especially, hyperoside and isoquercitrin.
Conclusion
A. mollis and A. persica possess significant wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities.
Ethical Issue
The study was performed according to the international rules considering the animal experiments and biodiversity rights (G.U.ET-08.037).
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