In vitro antioxidant, hypotensive and diuretic activities of Origanum glandulosum in rat
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, hypotensive and the diuretic activities of Origanum glandulosum leaves in rat. Chemical analysis revealed the isolation of katuranin and 5-isopropyl-3-methylphenol. Ethyl acetate extract possessed highest scavenging activity against DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. Intravenous administration of extracts (0.04 to 12 mg/kg body weight) dose-dependently decreased the blood pressure (systolic, diastolic and mean) of the anesthetized rat. Methanol extract showed dose-dependent diuretic activity by increasing the urine output (77%) and the urinary excretion of sodium and potassium. In conclusion, this study supports the use of O. glansulosum in traditional medicine as hypotensive and diuretic agents.
Introduction
Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the cellular generation of ROS and the capacity of antioxidants in favor of oxidants (Wu et al., 2015) that can be an important mediator in damaging cell structures, including lipids and membranes, proteins, and DNA. Currently, this oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, heart failure, inflammation and aging (Gönenç et al., 2013).
Hypertension is one of the important risk factors for the cardiovascular diseases and is associated mostly with coronary heart disease, renal disease and cerebrovascular disease. Therefore, it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality (Athiroh et al., 2014). The recent studies have predicted that the prevalence of hypertension, at global level, will increase from 1 billion of the adults to 1.5 billion in the year 2025 (Gutiérreza et al., 2014).
Plant phenolics and flavonoids represent the major groups of plant constituents that work predominantly as powerful antioxidants or scavenger of free radicals. They play beneficial role in human health and cure/prevent many diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, inflammatory disorders, cancer, and diabetes which occur due to the deregulation of free radicals generation in the cells (Chouhan and Singh, 2011).
Thus, much attention has been paid to the study of medicinal plants, including the screening of natural bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds with the ability to cure, prevent the progression of many diseases (Yadegarinia et al., 2006) and the exploration of traditional medicines may reveal new treatment options to increase the therapeutic arsenal by the discovery of novel medicines and to offer lower cost alternatives in developing countries that increasingly share the same concerns (Qu et al., 2016).
Origanum glandulosum Desf. is an endemic spontaneous plant of Algeria and Tunisia. In Algeria, this species is called " Zaatar" (Oukil et al., 2011) and it is used for the treatment of cough, bronchitis, common cold, fever (Khadir et al., 2013), hypertension and digestive disorders (Boudjelal et al., 2013). However, different studies have been published on its pharmacological properties as antibacterial, antifungal (Oukil et al., 2011; Khadir et al., 2013) and antioxidant activities (Oukil et al., 2011; Belhattab et al., 2005). But, no previous pharmacological or clinical study was carried out to test the hypotensive and diuretic effects of this plant. Thus, the objectives of our study were to evaluate the hypotensive and diuretic activities of O. glandulosum in healthy albino rats. Also, the phytochemical analysis and the in vitro antioxidant properties of various extracts from this plant were investigated.
Materials and Methods
Plant material
The leaves of O. glandulosum were collected from the Setif region in Northeastern of Algeria during June 2012. The plant was identified by Prof. Hocine Laouar was deposited in the Nature and Life Sciences Faculty herbarium (University Ferhat, Abbas, Setif 1, Algeria). The leaves were shadow-dried and powdered using an electrical grinder.
Animals
Healthy male adult albino rats, weighing 200–250 g were used. Animals were housed in an air-conditioned animal room (12 hours light/dark cycle, 23 ± 2°C). All the animals were given food and water ad libitum.
Phytochemical analysis of phenolic compounds
Phenolic compounds were extracted from the powder according to Markham (1982) with slight modification. One kilogram of the plant powder was extracted with 5L methanol (85%) at room temperature for five days. The filtered solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator at 40 °C and lyophilized to afford a crude methanol extract (100.2 g). The methanol extract (100 g) was dissolved in 1L water–methanol mixture (9:1) and was then partitioned by successive extractions with different solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate). Each fraction was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to obtain hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate extracts, and the remaining aqueous extracts. After that, 15 g of ethyl acetate was dissolved in methanol and adsorbed on 15 g of silica gel (Kieselgel 60 HF254) and then loaded on a silica gel column (0.063-0.2 mm, Riedel-Dehaen, 2.8 cm i.d.) packed in chloroform. The column was first eluted with chloroform, and then with chloroform-methanol mixture of increasing polarity. Totally, 38 fractions (250 mL for each) were obtained and similar fractions were combined according to their thin layer chromatographic plates, using different solvent systems. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by NMR and mass spectrometry. 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, DEPT-NMR and 2D-NMR (HMQC, COSY 45 and HMBC) spectra were recorded using a Brucker 500 MHz spectrometer. Electrospray ionisation mass spectra were recorded using Brucker Daltonics Apex IV, 7.0 T Ultra shield Plus. Chemical shifts were presented as part per million (ppm) or the d-scale relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS).
Determination of total polyphenols content
Total phenolic contents were estimated by Folin–Ciocalteu method (Li et al., 2007). Such method consists of Folin-ciocalteu's reagent reduction by the phenolic hydroxyl groups, resulting in the formation of a blue product in alkaline solution. Briefly, 100 μL of plant extracts were added to 500 μL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (diluted 10 times). After 4 min, 400 μL of sodium carbonate solution (7.5%) was added. Subsequently, the shaken mixture was allowed to stand for 90 min at room temperature, and then the absorbance of all samples was measured at 760 nm. The amount of total polyphenols in different extracts was determined from a standard calibration curve of gallic acid (0.00 to 160 μg/mL) and the results were expressed in mg GAE/g of extract.
Determination of total flavonoids content
Total flavonoids content was estimated according to aluminum chloride method (Bahorun et al., 1996). Aliquot of 1 mL of each extract was added to equal volume of a solution of 2% aluminum chloride. The mixture was vigorously shaken, and the absorbance was read at 430 nm versus methanol blank after incubation in dark at room temperature for 10 min. Quercetin (0–40 μg/mL) was used as standard for the calibration curve and flavonoids contents were expressed as μg quercetin equivalent (QE)/ mg of dry extract.
Antioxidant activity of plant extracts
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Free radical-scavenging activity of the plant extracts of O. glandulosum was measured in terms of the hydrogen donating or radical-scavenging ability using the stable radical DPPH (2,2´-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) according to published procedure of Burits and Bucar (2000) with slight modification. Briefly, 50 μL of various extract dilutions were mixed with 5 mL of 0.004% methanol solution of DPPH. After an incubation period of 30 min in dark at room temperature, the absorbance was measured at 517 nm. BHT was used as standard. Inhibition of free radical DPPH in percent (I%) was calculated using the following equation:
I% = 100 (Acontrol – Asample) /Acontrol
where Acontrol was the absorbance of blank solution (containing all reagents except the test compound), and Asample was the absorbance in the presence of extract
The extract concentration that produces 50% inhibition (IC50) was calculated from the plot of inhibition percentage against extract concentration. A lower IC50 value corresponds to a higher antioxidant activity of the extract.
Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay
The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of O. glandulosum extracts was carried out as described by Li et al. (2008) with slight modifications. Briefly, a mixture of 100 μL of 1,10-phenanthroline (5 mM), 100 μL of FeSO4 (5 mM) and 100 μL of EDTA (15 mM), 70 μL of sodium phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 7.4) were added to 100 μL of extract solution and 140 μL of hydrogen peroxide (0.01%). After 1 hour of incubation at 37°C in water bath, the absorbance was read at 536 nm. Vitamin C was used as a positive control. The scavenging activity of hydroxyl radical effect was calculated according to the following equation:
Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (%) = (As– A0) × 100/( A c- A0 )
Where, As was the absorbance of the sample (in the presence of the extract), A0 was the absorbance of the blank (distilled water); and Ac was the absorbance of a control in the absence of hydrogen peroxide
Evaluation of the diuretic activity
The diuretic activity was determined following the methods used by Zhang et al. (2010) with slight modification. The rats were randomly distributed into five groups of five rats each with similar average body weight and then were fasted and deprived of food for 18 hours with free access to water. Before treatment, the animals were pretreated with physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) at an oral dose of 25 mL/kg, to impose a uniform water and salt load. Each group was then treated as described in grouping and dosing section orally by gavage. Group 1 served as neutral control, received saline (5 mL/kg); Group 2 served as positive control, received furosemide (20 mg/kg); Groups 3, 4 and 5 received 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight of methanol extract, respectively.
Immediately after the administration of drugs, rats were individually placed in a metabolic cage, and then the cumulative urine excreted was measured at the end of the fifth hour in all groups. The pH was directly determined on fresh urine sample using a pH-meter. Also, the urinary electrolyte (Na+, K+, Cl-) concentrations were analyzed using a semiautomatic Biochemistry Analyzer (Beckman AutoMate; CX9 PRO., USA) and Na+/K+ ratio was calculated to evaluate the natriuretic activity of different extracts.
Box 1: Blood Pressure Measurement in rat
Principle
Blood pressure can be measured in anesthetized rats by simply connecting a catheter to a pressure transducer. Carotid artery contains baroreceptors for evaluation of blood pressure and femoral artery for the injection of extact only. Femoral artery is commonly used.
Requirements
Cannula; Gilson polygraph; Extract (methanol and ethyl acetate); Rat; Sodium thiopental; P23AA Statham pressure transducer; Syringe
Procedure
Step 1: The rat was anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of sodium thiopental (50 mg/kg)
Step 2: The trachea was exposed and cannulated to facilitate easy respiration
Step 3: The right carotid artery was cannulated and connected to P23AA Statham pressure transducer situated at the level of the heart and connected to a Gilson polygraph
Step 4: Also, the right femoral vein was cannulated for the intravenous injection of the plant extracts
Step 5: After a steady baseline, the blood pressure was obtained for at least 15 min, methanol extract and ethyl acetate extract were injected intravenously in doses of 0.04, 0.12, 0.4, 1.2, 4, and 12 mg/kg
Step 6: Blood pressure was allowed to stabilize before any further administration of the extract
Step 7: The changes in diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure were recorded and expressed as percent of their respective control values obtained before the administration of test substances
Notes
- Blood pressure can also be measured by tail-cuff method which is less accurate. But it does not require any surgery and can be repeated almost indefinitely
- Inhalational anesthetic may be used instead of intraperitoneal injection
References
Abdalla et al., 1994
Statistical analysis
In vitro results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The differences between extracts were determined by analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's test. The in vivo results were presented as mean ± standard error of mean (S.E.M) and were compared using Student’s t-test. All results were analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 5.00. Differences were considered significant at p<0.05.
Results
Identification of isolated compounds
This phytochemical investigation revealed the isolation of two compounds (Figure 1), katuranin (1) and 5-isopropyl-3-methylphenol (2) .
Figure 1: Structure of isolated compounds
Katuranin (1): Tetrahydroxylated flavanone; katuranin or aromadendrin which was isolated as white amorphous powder after purification of fraction (5-6) by preparative thin layer chromatography using 20% methanol/chloroform. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopic data for katuranin was as follows: 1H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ ppm: 4.58 (1H, d, J=11.4 Hz, H-3), 5.01 (H, d, J=11.4 Hz H-2), 5.90 (1H, d, J=1.5 Hz, H-8), 5,95 (1H, d, J=1.5 Hz, H-6), 6.79 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz, H-3' & H-5'), 7.31 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz, H-2' & H-6'). 13C-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ ppm: 71.9 (C-3), 83.3 (C-2), 95.5 (C-8), 96.5 (C-6), 100.9 (C-10), 115.4 (C-3' & C-5'), 128.0 (C-1'), 129.9 (C-2' & C-6'), 158.2 (C-9), 163.0 (C-4'), 163.7 (C-7), 167.4 (C-5), 198.3 (C-4).
The mass spectrum of katuranin gave a molecular ion peak at m/z=287.05611, which correspond to the formula [M - H]+ .
5-Isopropyl-3-methylphenol (2): Fraction (1-2) was purified by thin layer chromatography plates using 2% methanol/chloroform to give pure compound which was identified as 5-isopropyl-3-methylphenol. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopic data of 5-isopropyl-3-methylphenol was as follows: 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm: 1.30 (6H, b.s, H-8 and H-9), 2.30 (3H, s, H-10), 3.40 (1H, b.s, H7), 6.63 (1H, m, H-6), 6.79 (1H, m, H-2), 7.11 (1H, m, H-4 ). 13C-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ ppm: 16.0 (C-10), 18.0 (C-8 & C-9), 22.0 (C-7), 109.7 (C-6), 116.9 (C-2), 121.5 (C-4), 126.7 (C-3), 131.9 (C-5), 147.8 (C-2).
Total polyphenols and flavonoids contents
The total phenolics and flavonoids content among the different extracts of O. glandulosum are presented in Table I. The results showed that O. glandulosum fractions contained phenolic compounds in the following order: ethyl acetate extract> chloroform extract> methanol extract> aqueous extract, whereas the total flavonoids contents of plant extracts had the following order: chloroform extract> methanol extract> ethyl acetate extract> aqueous extract. As a result, the highest phenolic content was noticed in ethyl acetate extract with value of 514.8 mg GAE/g of dry extract, whereas the highest total flavonoids content was recorded in chloroform extract (22.6 mg QE/g of dry extract).
Table I: Total polyphenols and flavonoids contents in O. glandulosum extracts
| Extracts | Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g DW) |
Total flavonoids content (mg Q E/g DW) |
|---|---|---|
| Methanol | 179.9 ± 0.8 | 12.6 ± 0.6 |
| Chloroform | 239.9 ± 1.5 | 22.6 ± 0.8 |
| Ethyl acetate | 514.8 ± 4.3 | 8.5 ± 0.2 |
| Aqueous | 162.7 ± 1.8 | 6.2 ± 0.6 |
| Results are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3) | ||
Antioxidant activity assessment
DPPH radical scavenging activity of extracts
As seen in Figure 2A, ethyl acetate, methanol and chloroform extracts from the O. glandulosum leaves showed a stronger ability to scavenge DPPH radicals (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) than reference standard (butylated hydroxytoluene, BHT); (IC50=0.031 ± 0.000 mg/mL) (p<0.001) followed by IC50 values of 0.006 ± 0.000 mg/mL, 0.017 ± 0.000 mg/mL, 0.021 ± 0.000 mg/mL, respectively. However, the aqueous extract showed the lowest scavenging activity with value of IC50 equal to 0.029 ± 0.002 mg/mL.
Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of extracts
Similar to the DPPH radical scavenging activity results, all of the tested fractions of O. glandulosum were able to reduce the generation of hydroxyl radicals (Figure 2B) but the highest activity was found in ethyl acetate extract with IC50 values as follows: 0.285 ± 0.008 mg/mL, 0.642 ± 0.000 mg/mL, 0.715 ± 0.050 mg/mL and 0.936 ± 0.010 mg/mL for ethyl acetate, chloroform, methanol, and aqueous extracts, respectively.
Figure 2: Free radical scavenging activity of different O. glandulosum extracts. Data were presented as IC50 means ± SD (n = 3); (ap<0.05, bp< 0.001) compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and vitamin C as standards
Hypotensive effects of extracts in anesthetized rats
Our results revealed that the intravenous administration of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts experimented at the range doses from 0.04 to 12 mg/kg body weight produced a dose-dependent and transitory hypotensive effect in the anesthetized rats by decreasing systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure.
At the maximal injected dose (1.2 mg/kg) of the methanol extract, the average systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were decreased significantly by (14.2 ± 2.7%; 15.7 ± 4.3) (Figure 3), whereas a percent decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure for ethyl acetate extract was about (21.4 ± 2.6%; 22.3 ± 4.3%) (Figure 3). The hypotensive response at a dose of 12 mg/kg was found to be more potent with the ethyl acetate extract for which the maximal fall in mean arterial blood pressure was about (22.0 ± 3.1%) in comparison with the maximal fall observed with the methanol extract (15.2 ± 3.2%) (Figure 4).
Figure 3: Concentration-response curves of methanol and ethyl acetate extract of O. glandulosum on systolic and diastolic blood pressure of anesthetized rats. Values are means ± SEM (n = 6)
Figure 4: Dose-dependent hypotensive effect of methanol and ethyl acetate of O. glandulosum on mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in anaesthetized rats. Values shown are means ± SEM (n = 6)
Diuretic activity of plant extracts
Effect of methanol extract on urinary output
The results demonstrated that methanol extract act as diuretic in a dose-dependent manner. Methanol extract at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg increased slightly the urine volume (16.0% and 37.5%, respectively). However, the dose of 600 mg/kg contributed to potent urine excretion (77.0%) with statistical significance (p<0.05) when compared to control group (Table II). The reference diuretic, furosemide (20 mg/kg), significantly increased urine output by 297.0% (p<0.001), when compared to the saline-treated group.
Effect of methanol extract on urinary pH
Concerning the urinary pH, weak acidification in urinary pH profile was observed after five hours following the administration of furosemide and the three doses of methanol extract of O. glandulosum (Table II), but they were too weak to reach statistical significance compared to control group which had pH value of 6.41.
Effect of methanol extract on urinary electrolyte excretion
Furosemide increased the sodium and chloride excretion (80.0%; p<0.01 and 847.9%; p<0.001, respectively) in a dose-dependent manner but not that of potassium (Table II). Actually there was a small decrease in urinary concentration of potassium (-9.5%) when compared to control group.
Table II: Effects of methanol extract of O. glandulosum on urine output, pH and electrolytes excretion in rats
| Dose |
Volume |
pH |
Na+ (mmol/L) |
K+ (mmol/L) |
Cl- (mmol/L) |
Na+/ K+ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Control (5mL/kg) |
2.7 ± 0.3 | 6.4 ± 0.4 | 64.8 ± 5.5 | 51.5 ± 2.2 | 66.2 ± 4.6 | 1.3 ± 0.1 |
|
Furosemide (20 mg/kg) |
10.7 ± 0.9c | 5.7 ± 0.1 | 116.6 ± 12.1b | 46.6 ± 2.1 | 645.4 ± 94.4c | 2.7 ± 0.3b |
| Methanol extract (100 mg/kg) | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 6.2 ± 0.3 | 77.3 ± 0.6 | 58.2 ± 4.3 | 58.8 ± 5.4 | 1.4 ± 0.1 |
|
Methanol extract (300 mg/kg) |
3.7 ± 0.4 | 6.0 ± 0.1 | 84.4 ± 1.5b | 52.9 ± 2.3 | 80.8 ± 7.5 | 1.6 ± 0.1 |
| Methanol extract (600 mg/kg) | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 6.4 ± 0.2 | 92.0 ± 3.8b | 35.5 ± 2.2c | 155.6 ± 22.8b | 2.6 ± 0.2b |
| The values are mean ± SEM of five determinations. P values are ap<0.05, bp<0.01, cp<0.001 as compared to the control group | ||||||
The sodium excretion was increased significantly (p <0.01) by the two doses, 300 and 600 mg/kg (30.2% and 42.0%, respectively), which was in agreement with the urine volume. However, 600 mg/kg dose of methanol extract produced highly significant decrease in potassium excretion (31.0%; p<0.001) and strong increase in chloride (135.0%; p<0.01) compared to the control group.
The ratio Na+/K+ determines the natriuretic activity and value equal or greater than 2 indicates favorable natriuretic effect. Among all administered doses, 600 mg/kg of methanol extract increased significantly (p<0.01) the Na+/K+ ratio, which was similar to that of furosemide which had Na+/K+ ratio of 2.7 ± 0.3.
Discussion
In this study, the hypotensive, diuretic activities of O. glandulosum extracts were investigated. The radical scavenging activity of O. glandulosum extracts against DPPH radical and hydroxyl radicals were also assessed. In addition, the phytochemical analysis of ethyl acetate extract was carried out. Phytochemical analysis of ethyl acetate extract from O. glandulosum revealed the isolation two compounds, katuranin, a flavanonol which was isolated previously from greek O. vulgare (Exarchou et al., 2003) and O. glandulosum by HPLC coupled to diode-array detection and APCI–MS (Skoula et al., 2008). The proposed structure of this flavanonol was confirmed by comparison of NMR data with those reported in the literature (Exarchou et al., 2003). The second compound was 5-isopropyl-3-methylphenol. To the best of our knowledge, this compound was isolated from the leaves of this species and the genus Origanum for the first time.
Phenolic compounds have a protective role against many diseases due to their structural properties, and biological effects including high antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivo, anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive effects (Miranda et al., 2016).
Results obtained in the present study revealed that the level of these phenolic compounds in the various plant extracts was important and this could be due to different degree of polarity of the solvents used for the extraction of polyphenolic compounds where ethyl acetate was the best solvent for the extraction of phenolic compounds.
There are many antioxidant tests to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of natural plant extracts. It is imperative to use more than one antioxidant test when evaluate the antioxidant efficacy of plant extracts because different extract possess different phytochemicals in different concentrations that may act through different mechanisms.
In the present study, DPPH radical scavenging activity ranged from 0.006 to 0.029 mg/ml among the four plant fractions, with the highest scavenging capacity exhibited by ethyl acetate extract.
According to many reports, there is a highly positive relationship between polyphenols and flavonoids, and antioxidant activities in many plant species (Kim et al., 2012; Bouaziz et al., 2015). So, based on the obtained results, it is highly possible that the polyphenols and flavonoids contents may contribute to the observed antioxidant activity in DPPH free radical scavenging activity, as indicated by the good correlation coefficient (R²=0.50). Furthermore, it is obvious that although the content of polyphenols of O. glandulosum in chloroform extract was significantly higher than in the methanol extract, their DPPH activity were close. This confirmed once again that the antioxidant capacity depends not only on the quantity, but also on the type of polyphenols and flavonoids present in the extracts. Thus, both the configuration and total number of hydroxyl groups substantially influence the mechanism of the antioxidant activity (Tuberoso et al., 2010; Fraga et al., 2010).
Hydroxyl free radicals have been implicated in the etiology of many pathologies and eventually resulted in the cell injury/death. Therefore, the scavenging of hydroxyl radicals by extracts may provide a significant protection to biomolecules against free radicals (Govindan and Muthukrishnan, 2013).
In this study, plant extracts displayed different potential in scavenging hydroxyl radical which is positively related to their amount of total phenolic and flavonoids contents (R²=0.90) and this might be due to their active electron donor ability of hydroxyl substitution.
The leaves of O. glandulosum are commonly used in traditional Algerian medicine as antihypertensive therapy, but the pharmacological evidences of their activity are lacking. Therefore, the hypotensive effect of methanol extract and ethyl acetate extract from O. glandulosum leaves was reported for the first time. Our data reveal that ethyl acetate extract elicited a significant hypotensive response than methanol extract. These significant effects may be solidly related to their phenolic and flavonoids contents. Previous studies reported that these secondary metabolites as flavonoids are capable of exerting their antihypertensive effects by different pathways, such as endothelium dependent vasodilation involving NO production, reduction of intracellular Ca2+ (Nugroho et al., 2013) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition (Alarcón-Alonso et al., 2012). In this study, the phytochemical screening analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids as katuranin, thus, this bioactive principle, at least inpart, may be responsible for the observed hypotensive effect.
It is known that drugs with diuretic action such as loop diuretics and thiazides, either alone or in combination with other drugs are used for the treatment of various disorders such as hypertension, nephritis, chronic renal failure, eclampsia and heart failure, especially by increasing urine flow and renal sodium excretion (Ribeiro et al., 2015). Despite their high efficiency, many diuretics have been associated with undesirable side effects, including electrolyte imbalance, metabolic alkalosis, hyperuricemia, development of new-onset diabetes metabolic alterations, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-neuroendocrine systems (Kateel et al., 2014; Ribeiro et al., 2015). Hence, there is a need for new diuretics with lower potential for adverse effects, such as the plant-based substances which are considered to be relatively safe. In addition, many plants used for the treatment of hypertension in different systems of traditional medicine have shown diuretic activity when tested on animal models (Jabeen and Aslam 2013; de AF Da et al., 2015).
In the present study, the diuretic effect of orally administered methanol extract of O. glandulosum was evaluated in normal rats after single oral dose for five hours. As result, methanol extract produced diuresis and sodium and chloride excretion in rats after a single dose for five hours when compared to furosemide (20 mg/kg), but the mechanism through which methanol extract of O. glandulosum exerts its diuretic effect still unclear knowing that this is the first report of diuretic activity of O. glandulosum leaves extract.
Previous studies demonstrated that several secondary metabolites of plants could be responsible for the diuretic effects, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids or organic acids (Jabeen and Aslam, 2013). Several isoflavonoids have been reported to cause inhibition of the Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transporter, an increase in diuresis, natriuresis, glomerular filtration and and Na+ and K+ excretion (Montejano-Rodrı´guez et al., 2013). Thus, phenolic and flavonoids compounds evaluated in O. glandulosum may be considered as responsible for this diuretic effect because of its high phenolic content. As results, all evidences in this work corroborate the ethnopharmacological application of O. glandulosum as hypotensive agent where increased diuresis is desired and may lay the foundation for the use of this plant in folk medicine.
Conclusion
O. glandulosum leaf extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activities and this may be related to their phenolics contents. The extracts are able to reduce the blood pressure and to enhance the urine output and the electrolytes excretion of sodium and chloride and this finding may explain the blood pressure lowering effect of this plant.
Ethical Issue
The ethical issue, care and handling of animals followed the internationally accepted procedures according to the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research´s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
References
Abdalla S, Abu Zarga M, Sabri S. Effects of the flavone luteolin, isolated from Colchicum ritchii, on guinea-pig isolated smooth muscle and heart and on blood pressure and blood flow. Phytother Res. 1994; 8: 265-70.
Alarcón-Alonso J, Zamilpa A, Alarcón Aguilar F, Herrera-Ruiz M, Tortoriello J, Jimenez-Ferrer E. Pharmacological characterization of the diuretic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn (Malvaceae) extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 139: 751-56.
Athiroh N, Permatasari N, Sargowo D, Widodo MA. Antioxidative and blood pressure lowering effects of Scurrula atropurpurea on deoxycorticosterone acetatesalt hypertensive rats. Biomarkers Genomic Med. 2014; 6: 32-36.
Bahorun T, Gressier B, Trotin F, Brunet C, Dine T, Luyckx M, Vasseur J, Cazin M, Cazin JC, Pinkas M. Oxygen species scavenging activity of phenolic extracts from hawthorn fresh plant organs and pharmaceutical preparations. Arzneimittel-Forschung 1996; 46: 1086-89.
Belhattab R, Larous L, Figueiredo AC, Santos PAG, Barroso J G, Pedro LG. Origanum glandulosum Desf. grown wild in Algeria: Essential oil composition and glycosidic bound volatiles. Flav Fragr J. 2005; 20: 209-12.
Bouaziz A, Khennouf S, Abu zarga M, Abdalla S, Baghiani A, Charef N. Phytochemical analysis, hypotensive effect and antioxidant properties of Myrtus communis L. growing in Algeria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2015; 5: 19-28.
Boudjelal A, Henchiri C, Sari M, Sarri D, Hendel N, Benkhaled A, Ruberto G. Herbalists and wild medicinal plants in M'Sila (North Algeria): An ethnopharmacology survey. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 148: 395-402.
Burits M, Bucar F. Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oil. Phytother Res. 2000; 14: 323-28.
Chouhan HS, Singh SK. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Phyllanthus simplex. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 137: 1337-44.
de AF Da RD, de Souza P, Crestani S, Júnior AG, Boligon AA, Athayde ML, da Silva-Santos JE. Hypotensive and diuretic effect of the butanolic soluble fraction of the hydroethanolic extract of bark of Scutia buxifolia Reissek in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 172: 395-401.
Exarchou V, Godejohann M, Van Beek T, Gerothanassis P, Vervoort J. LC–UV–Solidphase extraction-NMR–MS combined with a cryogenic flow probe and its application to the identification of compounds present in Greek oregano. Anal Chem. 2003; 75: 6288-94.
Fraga CG, Galleano M, Verstraeten SV, Oteiza PI. Basic biochemical mechanisms behind the health benefits of polyphenols. Mol Aspects Med. 2010; 31: 435-45.
Gönenç A, Hacısevki A, Tavil Y, Çengel A, Torun M. Oxidative stress in patients with essential hypertension: A comparison of dippers and non-dippers. Eur J Int Med. 2013; 24: 139–44.
Govindan P, Muthukrishnan S. Evaluation of total phenolic content and free radical scavenging activity of Boerhavia erecta. J Acute Med. 2013; 3: 103-09.
Gutiérreza YP, Gutiérreza AP, Leónb AR, GarcÃaa KC. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Cor Salud. 2014; 6: 181-92.
Jabeen Q, Aslam N. Hypotensive, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and diuretic activities of the aqueous-methanol extract of Ipomoea reniformis. Iran J Pharm Res. 2013; 12: 769-76.
Kateel R, Rai MS, Ashok Kumar J. Evaluation of diuretic activity of gallic acid in normal rats. J Sci Innov Res. 2014; 3: 217-20.
Khadir A, Bendahou M, Benbelaïd F, Ghellaï L, Abdoune MA, Bellahsene C, Zenati F, Abdelouahid D, Muselli A, Paollini J, Desjobert JM, Costa J. Efficacy of the essential oil of Origanum glandulosum Desf against skin infections with PVL-producing Staphylococcus aureus strains in mice. African J Microbiol Res. 2013; 7: 2656-61.
Kim YS, Lee SJ, Hwang JW, Kim UK, Kim SE, Kim EH, Moon SH, Jeon BT, Park JP. In vitro protective effects of Thymus quinquecostatus Celak extracts on t-BHP-induced cell damage through antioxidant activity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012; 50: 4191-98.
Li HB, Cheng KW, Wong CC, Fan KW, Chen F, Jiang Y. Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of different fractions of selected microalgae. Food Chem. 2007; 102: 771-76.
Li YH, Jiang B, Zhang T, Mu WM, Liu J. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of chickpea protein hydrolysate (CPH). Food Chem. 2008; 106: 444-50.
Markham KR. Techniques of flavonoid identification. London, Academic Press, 1982, p 113.
Miranda AM, Steluti J, Fisberg RM, Marchioni DM. Association between polyphenol intake and hypertension in adults and older adults: A population-based study in Brazil. PLoS One. 2016; 11: e0165791.
Montejano-Rodrı´guez JR, Almaguer-Vargas G, Gayosso-De-Lucio JA, Ocharan Herna´ndez M E, Moreno Martı´nez RE, Herna´ndez Caballero M E, Torres-Valencia JJM, Sierra Ramı´rez JA. Evaluation of the diuretic activity of the ethanolic extract of Geranium seemannii Peyr. in Wistar rats. J Pharm Res.2013; 6: 709-13.
Nugroho AE, Malik A, Pramono S. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in vitro antihypertension activity of purified extract of Indonesian cashew leaves (Anacardium occidentale L.). Int Food Res J. 2013; 20: 299-305.
Oukil N, Bedjou F, Maiza-Benabdesselam F, Chibane M. Antioxidant activity and separation of phenolic compounds of Origanum glandulosum from north Algeria by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). African J Biotechnol. 2011; 10: 3451-54.
Qu Z, Zhang J, Gao W, Chen H, Huang H, Huo L, Lia H. Antihypertensive and cardioprotective effects of cerebral care granule® on spontaneously hypertensive rats from the perspective of the gaseous triumvirate NO–CO–H2S system. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016; 41: 22-31.
Ribeiro EF, Reis CF, Carvalho FS, Abreu JPS, Arruda AF, Garrote CFD, Rocha ML. Diuretic effects and urinary electrolyte excretion induced by Aspidosperma subincanum Mart. and the involvement of prostaglandins in such effects. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 163: 142-48.
Skoula M, Grayer RJ, Kite GC, Veitch NC. Exudate flavones and flavanones in Origanum species and their interspecific variation. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2008; 36: 646-54.
Tuberoso CIG, Rosa A, Bifulco E, Melis MP, Atzeri A, Pirisi F M, Dessì MA. Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of Myrtus communis L. berries extracts. Food Chem. 2010; 123: 1242-50.
Wu P, Ma G, Li N, Deng Q, Yin, Huang R. Investigation of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of flavonoids rich extract from the berries of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk. Food Chem. 2015; 173: 194-202.
Yadegarinia D, Gachkar L, Rezaei MB, Taghizadeh M, Astaneh SA, Rasooli I. Biochemical activities of Iranian Mentha piperita L. and Myrtus communis L. essential oils. Phytochemistry 2006; 67: 1249-55.
Zhang G, Zeng X, Han L, Wei J, Huang H. Diuretic activity and kidney medulla AQP1, AQP2, AQP3, V2R expression of the aqueous extract of sclerotia of Polyporus umbellatus FRIES in normal rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010; 128: 433-37.
